Radio Band Position Display Circuit Diagram

This circuit is an add-on unit for radio receivers that lack band-position display. The circuit presented here can show up to nine bands. It also incorporates a novel feature to make the display dance (blink) with the audio level from the receiver. The power-supply for the circuit can also be derived from the radio-set. The conversion of selected channel to BCD format is achieved using diodes D1 through D15 in con-junction with resistors R4 to R7. The voltages developed across these resistors (R4 through R7) serve as logic in-puts to BCD inputs of BCD to 7-segment de-coder IC1 (CD4511).

Circuit diagram :

Radio Band Position Display Circuit Diagram

When all switches are in  ‘off’ state, the volt-age across resistors R4 through R7 is logic zero, but when any of the switches S1 through S9 is slided to  ‘on’ position, the output across these resistors changes to output proper BCD code to represent the selected channel. This BCD code is converted to 7-segment display by IC1. By this arrangement of diodes, the need for another decimal-to-BCD converter IC and associated parts is obviated. Switches S1 through S9 are actually parts of existing band-switch of the radio. 

Usually, one or two changeover contacts would be found extra in the modular pushbutton-type band-switches of the radios. IC1’s display blanking pin 4 is connected to a display-blinker-control circuit wired around transistors T1 and T2. A small part of the audio signal from the speaker terminals is applied to rectifier diode D16 and filter capacitor C1 to pro-duce a pulsating DC across preset VR1. The sliding contact of preset VR1 is connected to the base of emitter-follower stage comprising transistor T2. The out-put of transistor T2, as amplified by transistor T1, is connected to pin 4 of IC1.Thus turning  ‘on’/‘off’ of display is con-trolled by the pulsating voltage developed from audio output of radio.

The power-supply regulator stage is needed only when radio power-supply is greater than 6V DC.

Author : M.K. Chandra Mouleeswaran Copyright : Electronic for you 2000

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Signal Injector Circuit Diagram

This circuit is wealthy in harmonics and is good for testing amplifier circuits. to seek out a fault in an amplifier,
connect the planet clip to the 0v rail and move through each stage, beginning at the speaker. a rise in volume ought to be heard at every preceding stage. This Injector will bear the IF stages of radios and FM sound sections in TV's. to Index

Signal Injector Circuit Diagram

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Four Stage FM Transmitter Circuit Diagram

This FM transmitter circuit uses four radio frequency stages: a VHF oscillator built around transistor BF494 (T1), a preamplifier built around transistor BF200 (T2), a driver built around transistor 2N2219 (T3) and a power amplifier built around transistor 2N3866 (T4). A condenser microphone is connected at the input of the oscillator.

Working of the circuit is simple. When you speak near the microphone, frequency-modulated signals are obtained at the collector of oscillator transistor T1. The FM signals are amplified by the VHF preamplifier and the pre-driver stage. You can also use transistor 2N5109 in place of 2N2219. The preamplifier is a tuned class-A RF amplifier and the driver is a class-C amplifier. Signals are finally fed to the class-C RF power amplifier, which delivers RF power to a 50-ohm horizontal dipole or ground plane antenna. Use a heat-sink with transistor 2N3866 for heat dissipation. Carefully adjust trimmer VC1 connected across L1 to generate frequency within 88-108 MHz. Also adjust trimmers VC2 through VC7 to get maximum output at maximum range.




Regulator IC 78C09 provides stable 9V supply to the oscillator, so variation in the supply voltage will not affect the frequency generated. You can also use a 12V battery to power the circuit. Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB. Install the antenna properly for maximum range. Coils L1 through L5 are made with 20 SWG copper-enamelled wire wound over air-cores having 8mm diameter. They have 4, 6, 6, 5 and 7 turns of wire, respectively.

EFY note. This transmitter is meant only for educational purposes. use of this transmitter with outdoor antenna is illegal in most parts of the world. The author and EFY will not be responsible for any misuse of this transmitter.

Copyright: EFY Mag

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SMD FM Transmitter Circuit Diagram

Let’s construct a low-power FM transmitter using surface-mount devices (SMD) that will be received with a standard FM radio. Soldering surface mounted devices is not so hard and actually is quite easy. There are many designs for small FM transmitters but they have some problems. First, you need an audio amplifier to get enough modulation. Second, the antenna is attached directly to the collector.

Third, the coil L must be wound by hand and adjusted by stretching. It all ads with a weak signal that tends to drift in frequency. In contrastm the transmitter schematic we present here eliminates some of those problems, using varactor diode for tuning and modulation, givind great sensitivity without an audio amplifier.

FM Transmitter – How it works

The figure below shows the schematic of the transmitter which consists of two stages: an oscillator and an output amplifier. Modulation is from an electret microphone but you can use a low power audio source.

Oscillator stage

Transistor Q1 is a Colpitts oscillator where the frequency is determined by the parallel resonant circuit formed by inductor L, varactor V1 and capacitors C7 and C8. Q1 is a common-collector amplifier where the power gain counts. V1 is actually a dual varactor that eliminate the possibility of forward conduction at the sinewave peaks.

The frequency of oscillation is set by adjusting the DC voltage on V1 with potentiometer R2. R4 and C3 form a low-pass filter to prevent RF from feeding back onto the DC.

Capacitors C7 and C8 form an AC voltage divider to provide feedback at the emitter of Q1 to sustain oscillation. A necessary condition for oscillation to start is for the radio (C7+C8)/C7 to be sufficiently bigger than 1.

SMD transmitter circuit schematic

Frequency Modulation

Modulation is done by superimposing an audio signal from the electret mic onto the DC bias applied to V1. R3 and C1 form a low-pass filter to prevent RF from feeding back to the mic. R3, R4 and R2 form a votage divider for the audio.

Transmitter output stage

The output of the oscillator is fed through C9 to the Q2 emitter-follower. The output of Q2 drives the antenna through C11. The Q2 emitter-follower it ensures that the oscillator is not loaded down by the impedance of the antenna and it provides power gain to drive the antenna.

SMD Transmitter layout

The figure below shows the layout of the PCB and it uses surface-mounted devices like resistors and capacitors (non-polar devices). All the caps are size 0805 and all resistors are size 1206. use through-hole components for Q1, Q2, IC1 and V1. You can use an SOT-89 device for IC1 and an SOT-23 device for V1. Use MPSH10 or a transistor equivalent. Here you can learn how to solder smd chips

The inductor

A coil would consist of two or three turns of wire but for this schematic we will use an inductor with loops of copper on the PCB. Such flat spiral inductor are common at these frequencies.

One formula for flat spiral inductors is:

flat spiral inductors formula where

L = inductance in uH

r = radius of coil (outer radius + inner radius divided by 2 ) inches

N = number of turns

d = depth of coil (outer radius minus inner radius) inches

Tuning range

While commercial FM band goes from about 88 MHz to 108 MHz, the L and C values used in this design allow tuning up to 100 MHz.

Transmitter testing

You will need a portable FM radio and an assistant. First, find an empty spot on the FM dial and set your radio about 30 feet away (9 meters). The radio’s volume control should not be set too high to prevend feedback. Next, power-up your transmitter and talk to yourself as you adjust the frequency with the trim-pot. When your assintant hears you, your transmitter is tuned. You might have to adjust the radio’s tuner slightly for best reception.

Have fun with it but remember that using the transmitter as a bugging device may not be legal in your country. To use the circuit as a wireless microphone, increase the value of R3. The transmitter range is about 100 feet (30 meters) inside a building.

Parts list

 

Source by : www.circuitsproject.com

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Short-Wave Regenerative Receiver For AM and DRM

The face that FM receivers operate on pretty high frequencies makes their practical realization somewhat difficult, but most of the problems, as in many other amateur builds, originates from building the coils, except the self-bearing, small-inductance coils (without the coil body), which are easy to make, especially if there aren't many of them in the device and if no special instruments are required for setting up their proper inductance value. The coils used in this FM receiver are just like this, and there are only two of them, making the practical realization much easier. 

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Low Power FM Transmitter Circuit Diagram

This article should satisfy those who might want to build a low power FM transmitter. It is designed to use an input from another sound source (such as a guitar or microphone), and transmits on the commercial FM band - it is actually quite powerful, so make sure that you don't use it to transmit anything sensitive - it could easily be picked up from several hundred metres away. The FM band is 88 to 108MHz, and although it is getting fairly crowded nearly everywhere, you should still be able to find a blank spot on the dial.

NOTE: A few people have had trouble with this circuit. The biggest problem is not knowing if it is even oscillating, since the frequency is outside the range of most simple oscilloscopes. See Project 74 for a simple RF probe that will (or should) tell you that you have a useful signal at the antenna. If so, then you know it oscillates, and just have to find out at what frequency. This may require the use of an RF frequency counter if you just cannot locate the FM band.

Description

The circuit of the transmitter is shown in Figure 1, and as you can see it is quite simple. The first stage is the oscillator, and is tuned with the variable capacitor. Select an unused frequency, and carefully adjust C3 until the background noise stops (you have to disable the FM receiver's mute circuit to hear this).

Low Power FM Transmitter Circuit Diagram 

Figure 1 - Low Power FM Transmitter

Because the trimmer cap is very sensitive, make the final frequency adjustment on the receiver. When assembling the circuit, make sure the rotor of C3 is connected to the +9V supply. This ensures that there will be minimal frequency disturbance when the screwdriver touches the adjustment shaft. You can use a small piece of non copper-clad circuit board to make a screwdriver - this will not alter the frequency.

The frequency stability is improved considerably by adding a capacitor from the base of Q1 to ground. This ensures that the transistor operates in true common base at RF. A value of 1nF (ceramic) as shown is suitable, and will also limit the HF response to 15 kHz - this is a benefit for a simple circuit like this, and even commercial FM is usually limited to a 15kHz bandwidth.

Capacitors
All capacitors must be ceramic (with the exception of C1, see below), with C2 and C6 preferably being N750 (Negative temperature coefficient, 750 parts per million per degree Celsius). The others should be NPO types, since temperature correction is not needed (nor is it desirable). If you cannot get N750 caps, don't worry too much, the frequency stability of the circuit is not that good anyway (as with all simple transmitters).

How It Works
Q1 is the oscillator, and is a conventional Colpitts design. L1 and C3 (in parallel with C2) tunes the circuit to the desired frequency, and the output (from the emitter of Q1) is fed to the buffer and amplifier Q2. This isolates the antenna from the oscillator giving much better frequency stability, as well as providing considerable extra gain. L2 and C6 form a tuned collector load, and C7 helps to further isolate the circuit from the antenna, as well as preventing any possibility of short circuits should the antenna contact the grounded metal case that would normally be used for the complete transmitter.

The audio signal applied to the base of Q1 causes the frequency to change, as the transistor's collector current is modulated by the audio. This provides the frequency modulation (FM) that can be received on any standard FM band receiver. The audio input must be kept to a maximum of about 100mV, although this will vary somewhat from one unit to the next. Higher levels will cause the deviation (the maximum frequency shift) to exceed the limits in the receiver - usually ±75kHz.

With the value shown for C1, this limits the lower frequency response to about 50Hz (based only on R1, which is somewhat pessimistic) - if you need to go lower than this, then use a 1uF cap instead, which will allow a response down to at least 15Hz. C1 may be polyester or mylar, or a 1uF electrolytic may be used, either bipolar or polarised. If polarised, the positive terminal must connect to the 10k resistor.

Inductors
The inductors are nominally 10 turns (actually 9.5) of 1mm diameter enamelled copper wire. They are close wound on a 3mm diameter former, which is removed after the coils are wound. Carefully scrape away the enamel where the coil ends will go through the board - all the enamel must be removed to ensure good contact. Figure 2 shows a detail drawing of a coil. The coils should be mounted about 2mm above the board.

For those still stuck in the dark ages with imperial measurements (grin), 1mm is about 0.04" (0.0394") or 5/127 inch (chuckle) - you will have to work out what gauge that is, depending on which wire gauge system you use (there are several). You can see the benefits of metric already, can't you? To work out the other measurements, 1" = 25.4mm

NOTE: The inductors are critical, and must be wound exactly as described, or the frequency will be wrong.

Figure 2 - Detail Of L1 And L2

The nominal (and very approximate) inductance for the coils is about 130nH.This is calculated according to the formula ...

L = N² * r² / (228r + 254l)

... where L = inductance in microhenries (uH), N = number of turns, r = average coil radius (2.0mm for the coil as shown), and l = coil length. All dimensions are in millimetres.

Pre-Emphasis

It is normal with FM transmission that "pre-emphasis" is used, and there is a corresponding amount of de-emphasis at the receiver. There are two standards (of course) - most of the world uses a 50us time constant, and the US uses 75us. These time constants represent a frequency of 3183Hz and 2122Hz respectively. This is the 3dB point of a simple filter that boosts the high frequencies on transmission and cuts the same highs again on reception, restoring the frequency response to normal, and reducing noise.

The simple transmitter above does not have this built in, so it can be added to the microphone preamp or line stage buffer circuit. These are both shown in Figure 3, and are of much higher quality than the standard offerings in most other designs.

Figure 3 - Mic And Line Preamps

Rather than a simple single transistor amp, using a TL061 opamp gives much better distortion figures, and a more predictable output impedance to the transmitter. If you want to use a dynamic microphone, leave out R1 (5.6k) since this is only needed to power an electret mic insert. The gain control (for either circuit) can be an internal preset, or a normal pot to allow adjustment to the maximum level without distortion with different signal sources. The 100nF bypass capacitors must be ceramic types, because of the frequency. Note that although a TL072 might work, they are not designed to operate at the low supply voltage used. The TL061 is specifically designed for low power operation.

The mic preamp has a maximum gain of 22, giving a microphone sensitivity of around 5mV. The line preamp has a gain of unity, so maximum input sensitivity is 100mV. Select the appropriate capacitor value for pre-emphasis as shown in Figure 3 depending on where you live. The pre-emphasis is not especially accurate, but will be quite good enough for the sorts of uses that a low power FM transmitter will be put to. Needless to say, this does not include "bugging" of rooms, as this is illegal almost everywhere.

I would advise that the preamp be in its own small sub-enclosure to prevent RF from entering the opamp input. This does not need to be anything fancy, and you could even just wrap some insulation around the preamp then just wrap the entire preamp unit in aluminium foil. Remember to make a good earth connection to the foil, or the shielding will serve no purpose. link

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MP3 FM Transmitter Circuit Diagram

Here's a simple VHF FM transmitter that could be used to play audio files from an MP3 player or computer on a standard VHF FM radio. The circuit use no coils that have to be wound. This FM transmitter can be used to listen to your own music throughout your home. When this FM transmitter used in the car, there is no need for a separate input to the car stereo to play back the music files from your MP3 player.

Project image :

USB FM transmitter 

To keep the circuit simple as well as compact, it was decided to use a chip made by Maxim Integrated Products, the MAX2606 [1]. This IC from the MAX2605-MAX2609 series has been specifically designed for low-noise RF applications with a fixed frequency. The VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator) in this IC uses a Colpitts oscillator circuit. The variable-capacitance (varicap) diode and feedback capacitors
for the tuning have also been integrated on this chip, so that you only need an external inductor to fix the central oscillator frequency.

t is possible to fine-tune the frequency by varying the voltage to the varicap. Not much is demanded of the inductor, a type with a relatively low Q factor (35 to 40) is sufficient according to Maxim. The supply voltage to the IC should be between 2.7 and 5.5 V, the current consumption is between 2 and 4 mA. With values like these it seemed a good idea to supply the circuit with power from a USB port.

MP3 FM Transmitter Circuit Diagram
 

USB FM transmitter schematics Circuit diagram

 .
 Parts List
Resistors (all SMD 0805)
R1,R2 = 22kΩ
R3 = 4kΩ7
R4,R5 = 1kΩ
R6 = 270Ω
P1 = 10kΩ preset, SMD (TS53YJ103MR10 Vishay Sfernice, Farnell # 1557933)
P2 = 100kΩ preset, SMD(TS53YJ104MR10 Vishay Sfernice, Farnell # 1557934)
Capacitors (all SMD 0805)
C1,C2,C5 = 4μF7 10V
C3,C8 = 100nF
C4,C7 = 2nF2
C6 = 470nF
Inductors
L1 = 390nF, SMD 1206 (LQH31HNR39K03L Murata, Farnell # 1515418)
L2 = 2200Ω @ 100MHz, SMD, common-mode choke, 1206 type(DLW31SN222SQ2L Murata, Farnell #1515599)
Semiconductors
IC1 = MAX2606EUT+, SMD SOT23-6 (Maxim Integrated Products)
Miscellaneous
K1 = 3.5mm stereo audio jack SMD (SJ1-3513-SMT
CUI Inc, DIGI-Key # CP1-3513SJCT-ND)
K2 = 5-pin header (only required in combination with 090305-I pre-emphasis circuit)
K3 = USB connector type A, SMD (2410 07 Lumberg, Farnell # 1308875)

A common-mode choke is connected in series with the USB connections in order to avoid interference between the circuit and the PC supply. There is not much else to the circuit. The stereo signal connected to K1 is combined via R1 and R2 and is then passed via volume control P1 to the Tune input of IC1, where it causes the carrier wave to be frequency modulated. Filter R6/C7 is used to restrict the bandwidth of the audio signal. The setting of the frequency (across the whole VHF FM broadcast band) is done with P2, which is connected to the 5 V supply voltage.

The PCB designed uses resistors and capacitors with 0805 SMD packaging. The size of the board is only 41.2 x 17.9 mm, which is practically dongle-sized. For the aerial an almost straight copper track has been placed at the edge of the board. In practice we achieved a range of about 6 metres (18 feet) with this. There is also room for a 5-way SIL header on the board. Here we find the inputs to the 3.5 mm jack plug, the input to P1 and the supply voltage. The latter permits the circuit to be powered independently from the mains supply, via for example three AA batteries or a Lithium button cell. Inductor L1 in the prototype is a type made by Murata that has a fairly high Q factor: minimum 60 at 100 MHz.

PCB Layout :

 USB FM transmitter Layout PCB

Take care when you solder filter choke L2, since the connections on both sides are very close together. The supply voltage is connected to this, so make sure that you don’t short out the USB supply! Use a resistance meter to check that there is no short between the two supply connectors before connecting the circuit to a USB port on a computer or to the batteries.

P1 has the opposite effect to what you would expect (clockwise reduces the volume), because this made the board layout much easier. The deviation and audio bandwidth varies with the setting of P1. The maximum sensitivity of the audio input is fairly large. With P1 set to its maximum level, a stereo input of 10 mVrms is sufficient for the sound on the radio to remain clear. This also depends on the setting of the VCO. With a higher tuning voltage the input signal may be almost twice as large (see VCO tuning curve in the data sheet). Above that level some audible distortion becomes apparent. If the attenuation can’t be easily set by P1, you can increase the values of R1 and R2 without any problems. 

Measurements with an RF analyzer showed that the third harmonic had a strong presence in the transmitted spectrum (about 10 dB below the fundamental frequency). This should really have been much lower. With a low-impedance source connected to both inputs the bandwidth varies from 13.1 kHz (P1 at maximum) to 57 kHz (with the wiper of P1 set to 1/10). In this circuit the pre-emphasis of the input is missing. Radios in Europe have a built-in de-emphasis network of 50 μs (75 μs in the US). The sound from the radio will therefore sound noticeably muffled. To correct this, and also to stop a stereo receiver from mistakenly reacting to a 19 kHz component in the audio signal, an enhancement circuit Is published elsewhere in this issue (Pre-emphasis for FM Transmitter, also with a PCB).

Author: Mathieu Coustans, Elektor Magazine, 2009

Notice. The use of a VHF FM transmitter, even a low power device like the one described here, is subject to radio regulations and may not be legal in all countries.

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Digital Rf Probe for Vom Circuit Diagram

This is Digital Rf Probe for Vom Circuit Diagram. This probe makes possible relative measurements of Rf voltages to 200 MHz on a 20,000 ohms-per-volt multimeter Rf voltage must not exceed the breakdown rating of the 1N4149—approximately 100 V.

Digital Rf Probe for Vom Circuit Diagram

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Medium-Wave Modulator Circuit Diagram

If you insist on using a valve radio and listening to medium-wave stations, you have a problem: the existing broadcasters have only a limited number of records. Here there’s only one remedy, which is to build your own medium-wave transmitter. After that, you can play your own CDs via the radio.

The transmitter frequency is stabilised using a 976-kHz ceramic resonator taken from a TV remote control unit. Fine tuning is provided by the trimmer capacitor. If there’s another station in the background, which will probably be weak, you can tune it to a heterodyne null, such as 981 kHz. As an operator of a medium-wave transmitter, that’s your obligation with respect to the frequency allocations. And that’s despite the fact that the range of the transmitter is quite modest. The small ferrite coil in the transmitter couples directly into the ferrite rod antenna in the radio.

Medium-Wave Modulator Circuit Diagram

The modulator is designed as an emitter follower that modulates the supply voltage of the output amplifier. As the medium-wave band is still mono, the two input channels are merged. The potentiometer can be adjusted to obtain the least distortion and the best sound. The RF amplifier stage has intentionally been kept modest to prevent any undesired radiation. The quality of the output signal can also be checked using an oscilloscope. Clean amplitude modulation should be clearly visible. 

The medium-wave modulator can simply be placed on top of the radio. A signal from a CD player or other source can be fed in via a cable. Now you have a new, strong station on the radio in the medium-wave band, which is distinguished by good sound quality and the fact that it always plays what you want to hear.

Author: Burkhard Kainka - Copyright: Elektor

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FM Stereo Transmitter Circuit Diagram

You'll find that this is a very easy project to build. It will transmit good quality sound in the FM band ( 88 - 108 mhz ). One inportant item is that the IC chip operates on 3 volts DC. The chip will get destroyed if it is operated on any voltage higher than 3.5 volts. The antenna can be a standard telescopic antenna or a 2 foot length of wire. The input is in the millivolt range and you may need to add additional pots for the inputs. I was able to use this circuit for a walkman and a portable CD player in my car. I used the headphone jack on both and varied the signal with the volume control.

FM Stereo Transmitter Circuit Diagram

To adjust the circuit tune your FM radio to a quite spot then adjust the trimmer capacitor C8 until you hear the signal that you are transmiting. When you have a strong signal adjust the resistor R4 until the stereo signal indicator lights. If the input is to high of a signal you may over drive the IC chip. Use two 15 turn pots on the input signals to bring the level down. You can balance the signal by using headphones. The inductor L1 is 3 turns of .5 mm wire on a 5 mm ferrite core.

Sourced: circuitsproject

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Use FM Radio Receiver

The project is a user-friendly and cheap FM radio receiver which produces the desired audio signals using integrated circuit to achieve the pre-processing units. During operation, the user is allowed to change stations and interact with the receiver by integrating a keypad and an LCD for communication. There are several functions that this radio receiver can perform including adjusting the threshold when picking up stronger or weaker stations, setting up 3 favorite stations for quick tuning, scanning up/down for next strong signal station, and tuning up/down a frequency.

A keypad is designed for controlling the receiver and the buttons are mapped to their corresponding functionality while the other buttons are not connected. The 4 main sub-components of the receiver include the LCD, the keypad, the favorite station storage, and the communication with receiver. Each of them is being controlled by their software components. The antenna transfers the incoming radio signal to the AR1010 FM radio receiver. To communicate with the AR1010, the I2C protocol is used since the sample code is available online. Also, the AR1010 is powered by 3V. The button presses on the keypad are scanned by the program.

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Noise Suppression For R/C Receivers

Receiver interference is hardly an unknown problem among model builders. Preventive measures in the form of ferrite beads fitted to servo cables are often seen in relatively large models and/or electrically driven models, to prevent the cables from acting as antennas and radiating interference to the receiver. If miniature ferrite beads are used for this purpose, the connector must be first be taken apart, after which the lead must be threaded through the bead (perhaps making several turns around the core) and then soldered back onto the connector. An interference source can also cause problems in the receiver via the power supply connection.

 The battery is normally connected directly to the receiver, with the servos in turn being powered from the receiver. The servos can draw high currents when they operate, which means they can create a lot of noise on the supply line. This sort of interference can be kept under control by isolating the supply voltage for the receiver from the supply voltage for the servos. All of these measures can easily be implemented ‘loose’ in the model, but it’s a lot nicer to fit everything onto a single small circuit board. That makes everything look a lot tidier, and it takes up less space.

The schematic diagram is shown in Figure 1. Connectors K1–K8 are located at the left. They are the inputs for the servo signals, which are connected to the receiver by the servo leads. The outputs (K9–K16) are located on the right. That is where the servos are connected. Finally, the battery is connected to K17. Interference on the supply voltage line due to the motors and servos is suppressed by a filter formed by L10, R1, C1 and C2. L10 is a ferrite-core coil with an impedance of 2000 ohms at 30 MHz. In combination with C1 and C2, it forms a substantial barrier to interference in the 35-MHz R/C band.

Signals with frequencies close to the 10.4-MHz intermediate frequency (which is used in many receivers) are also effectively blocked by this filter. L9 filters out common-mode noise on the supply line for the servos, which effectively means that it prevents the supply lines to the servos from acting as antennas. Finally, high-frequency currents on the servo signals are filtered out by ferrite beads in order to limit the antenna effects of these connection lines.

Resistor:

• R1 = 1Ω

Capacitors:

• C1 = 100nF
• C2 = 22pF

Miscellaneous:

• L1-L8,L10 = ferrite inductor
• L9 = common-mode coil
• K1-K8 = servo cable
• K9-K17 = 3-way SIL pinheader

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